Professor Blackmon, prior to 1963, had any federal court issued a nationwide injunction blocking federal law or executive policy? I'm not aware of any. Would you agree that from the founding through the 20th century, The federal judiciary consistently understood its powers to be limited to the parties before the court [from the founding through the 20th century]. Yes. And would you agree that the widespread use of universal or nationwide injunctions, especially against presidential actions, is a recent development emerging in the last decade? Yes. (00:25–00:37)
CLAIM
Asserts that historically, federal judiciary powers were limited to the parties before the court.
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